Phase 2 Weekly Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phase 2 Weekly Discussion - Assignment Example The fundamental benefit of organizational project management is to facilitate understanding of the organizational processes that influence the capability to mange the delivery of projects. This paper intends to answer questions such as how project management is viewed within organizations, what the value can be brought by project management into the organization and what barriers that might exist amid the field of project management. This paper examines these questions in relation to tier application to the HLR Inc (Harry & Schroeder, 2000). How is project management viewed within organizations? Not all the firms view project the same. Some believe tat it is a way of achieving goals while other firms perceive project management as a hazard. Project management being a specialized field, which needs expert demonstrated knowledge in particular sections of business of appraising and pointing out specific project risks with an intent of reducing portentous threats and capitalizing in ever y prospect that would benefit the project (Deeprose, 2002). Essentially, project management is under valued skill by majority of the project managers. This is because it is dependent on diverse opinions based on the area of work. This contributes to the first perspective, which regards project management as an underrated aspect within some industries, but certainly in industries such as, HLR Inc, it remains a central element in the overall managerial process and strategy implementation intended to achieve the organizational goals (Deeprose, 2002). It is noted that diverse opinions and perspectives define the organizational project management but the convergent position leads to its recognition as a fundamental aspect in organizations. Numerous organizations remain static but those that have embraced the dynamism have implemented rapid restructuring demanded by the milieu conditions. The dynamic conditions can be technology advancements, increased completion and scramble for control of the limited natural resources. It is imperative to note that the organizational structures form critical consideration before initializing any project because; this aspect will affect the whole process (Harry & Schroeder, 2000). The general perspectives include that of organizations being either project driven or driven by non-project. Examples of project driven organizations are the industries and aerospace where the entire task is characterized by the projects in consideration. This study observes that, three organizational structures exist. They include traditional, matrix and project driven. The functional hierarchy such as HLR Inc. may not be sufficient for the project management because, there is no consideration of the dynamism in the global arena (Deeprose, 2002). It is realizable that, the functional structures embraced in the HLR Inc, may not be sufficient. The functional structure characterized by insufficiencies to comply with the dynamic structure embraced by the glo bal players in the market. It is imperative to note that a project management needs to be sold within the organization’s borders. In addition, consideration of the matrix perspective, it is notable that, the matrix perspective has a dual effect in decision-making (Harry & Schroede

The Cable News Network Essay Example for Free

The Cable News Network Essay The Cable News Network (CNN) is considered as one of the most respectable institutions in the field of news reporting. The CNN is a television network owned by the Time Warner as the news division of the Turner Broadcasting System. It is a television network that renders a 24-hour news coverage which includes the events that are taking place in other countries. According to Nielsen, a statistical organization measuring TV ratings, CNN ranked number two in America, trailing behind Fox News in terms of total audience (Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2007). Due to its respectable position in its chosen field, its reportage should be characterized by honesty and accuracy. To stress further the importance of news reportage, it is better to present it with statistics and statements. For instance, a news report that pertains to business utilizes mostly statistics, while some news reports that are politics-related quote the various officials pertinent to the news story. One of the recent news today which is widely debated and deliberated is the $700 billion bail-out fund intended to help out the troubled institutions due to the financial crisis that the nation is experiencing. Poppy Harlow, one of the CNN’s newscasters, made a report about the bail-out proposal. The main objective of Harlow’s reporting is to explain the meaning and the intention of the rescue bill and why the government is wiling to release such funds for it (â€Å"Heres the plan,† 2008). The 110-page bail-out proposal has been finally approved by the Congress. The minor legislative wing released the bill last Sunday evening. It is expected that the bill will take fast-track motions up to the Senate by Wednesday. The bill is based on the proposal of the Treasury Secretary, Henry Paulson, who requested the government to acquire troubled businesses so the banks can start lending money and perform properly (Sahadi, 2008). The bill mainly features the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). Through this program, the government will buy assets that are experiencing financial crisis. The fund released is equal to the fund Paulson requested, but the first $250 billion will be allocated to save the U. S. economy. The members of the prevailing political parties in the U. S. are concerned with the possibility that the taxpayers will pay for the bail-out proposal. Thus, they added several conditions to protect the taxpayers (Sahadi, 2008). Poppy Harlow reported the facts in a straight and concise manner. She did not exaggerate nor make the story light. She made the story sensible to every American and delivered it in such a way that every American would be concerned with the prevailing issue. Though the news report lacks direct quotation, she included the previous statements of Henry Paulson, the Treasury Secretary, about his proposal and his plans before it was approved as a bill. This supports the news story, feeding the public with information that they might miss. The statements are also utilized as an explanation or additional information for the news being reported. The news report also provides an example of what might happen if the plan will be carried out (â€Å"Heres the plan,† 2008). Poppy Harlow reported with fairness. She rendered the news without much difficulty. In this way, people coming from various sectors will be able to understand the news. The words are not highly-technical, and if there are words that are relevant for the public to know, Harlow provided an explanation or a working definition of the concept (â€Å"Heres the plan,† 2008). In news reporting, the statistical data, testimonials, and the examples play important roles in the news report, for they further expound the topic or the news reported for the better understanding of the audiences. References Heres the plan: Congressional leaders reach a tentative agreement on a $700 billion economic bailout plan. (2008, September 28). CNNMoney. com [Webcast Transcript]. Retrieved September 28, 2008 from http://money. cnn. com/video/#/video/news/2008/09/28/news. harlow. bailout. 092808. cnnmoney Project for Excellence in Journalism (2007). Economics. The State of the News Media 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. stateofthenewsmedia. org/2007/narrative_cabletv_audience. asp? cat=3media=6. Sahadi, J. (2008, September 28). Rescue bill unveiled. CNNMoney. com. BigCharts. com. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://money. cnn. com/2008/09/28/news/economy/Sunday_talks_bailout/index. htm? cnn=yes.

Analysis of Irelands Defamation Laws

Analysis of Irelands Defamation Laws Defamation Media Constitution Introduction What is Defamation? In a society that often prides itself on having a free and unbiased media, it is important to understand the limitations of such a freedom and the effects it has on a persons social rights. Different jurisdictions tend to embrace the concept of defamation in different ways. For example, the United States has the First Amendment in their Constitution, which has become famous through its abundant presence in popular culture that is based around American law. Australia has an implied freedom of political communication, which is not expressly provided for in their Constitution; however case law has seen effect given to such a value which is far more specific than the American Constitution. The Irish system is quite different from the above. As this brief will uncover, the Irish definition of defamation law is essentially the right of a person to their reputation or their good name. This brief will critically discuss the ways that the Irish courts apply defamation laws, and the relevant constitutional and legislative framework that is in place, which is somewhat unique to the Irish system. The Irish Constitution The Constitution is the most supreme law in the land. It limits the governments legislative abilities while also balancing the fundamental rights of its citizens. Different jurisdictions have different values which they seek to protect, often reflecting different cultural ideologies. However, Ireland appears to take much of its guidance from countries such as the United States and Australia, in that it protects the overall freedom of the media. This freedom of expression is considered fundamental in allowing persons to express their thoughts on government and political issues, which is vital in promoting democratic ideals and enhancing social participation. Obviously, this draws parallels with the famous First Amendment of the United States Constitution which protects an individuals right to free speech, however the Irish Constitution appears to somewhat limit and specialise the protection it offers its citizens. The Irish Constitution extends its express protection against defamation beyond the media on to the individual. It states: the State shall, in particular, by its laws, protect as best it may from unjust attack (and, in the case of injustice done, vindicate) the life, person, good name and property rights of every citizen. This is the cornerstone of an individuals protection against defamation in the Irish jurisdiction. It expressly and firmly entrenches the notion that a citizen is entitled to a good reputation, and any violation thereof must be justified in the sense that a person has brought on such action themselves. It places a duty upon the legislature to put in place laws which would serve to protect a persons good name, and the laws of defamation have been specifically acknowledged by the Irish High Court as fundamental in promoting this protection. The Constitution, while serving to protect persons against any defamation actions, also recognises the need to balance protection of rights with the need for freedom of expression. As previously mentioned, the Constitution serves to protect the rights of individuals against defamation through placing restrictions on the medias rights to express opinions in certain circumstances. This is elaborated upon expressly in the Constitution, in the sense that it says the media and press retain their right to a freedom of expression, however it is not to use that freedom to undermine public order, morality or the authority of the State. This clearly demonstrates the requirement that the State must balance freedom of expression with protection of ones good name, which has been mentioned throughout this chapter. In summary, it is quite clear that the Irish Constitution forms a key part of the protection of an individual from defamation. As this brief will uncover, it is these constitutional provisions that form the cornerstone of legislative protections, such as the Defamation Act 1961, and a host of case law on the issue. Additionally, it would also appear that the Constitution is consistent with European standards, in that it protects ones fundamental right to their good name while finely balancing the need for a free and unbiased media. This can be found in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which states: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas, without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. It goes on to say: [Restrictions will be placed on this freedom] as are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. These standards are consistent with the aforementioned discussion, and clearly demonstrate the need for the balance of rights with democratic ideas and values. The Defamation Act 1961 It could be said that the most significant law on defamation in Ireland is the Defamation Act 1961. This legislation replaces much of the law that previously existed in terms of defamation, and codifies many of the common law principles of defamation that are preserved in the Irish legal system. This Act is divided into three key parts: Part I is a preliminary section, dealing with much of the definition, application and jurisdictional issues. Part II addresses the concept of criminal libel, which is an entirely different area of law again from defamation, and Part III (sections 14 to 26) deals with civil defamation. This brief will now attempt to offer a critique of the relevant provisions of the Defamation Act 1961, assessing how it serves to protect ones constitutional right to their good name. Perhaps one of the most intriguing provisions of this Act is one that prohibits a party from using words which impute unchastity or adultery on the part of a woman or girl. This, in itself, is not such an extraordinary provision; however the same section also provides that an action may be taken by a party offended by such words without any proof of actual damages. Therefore this Act, at least in this regard, tends to err on the side of caution and expressly outlaw any libellous comments in relation to a womans sexuality ideally without the need to resort to the courts for remedy. As a general rule, Part II of this Act seeks to outlaw certain conduct by parties, particularly the media, in order to prevent libellous statements from being made in the first case. The Second Schedule of the Act prescribes certain publications as being privileged (i.e. exempt from defamation laws unless malicious intention can be proven). Such publications include reports of decisions taken by international and domestic political organisations, meetings of companies, and other meetings which discuss issues of public concern. Therefore, the Act also recognises the duty of the media to report issues that are of concern to the public, while seeking to balance out that right of knowledge with the publics constitutional right to their good name. There has been some push for reform of the Defamation Act 1961 in the past few years. Some have cited the European Convention on Human Rights as their primary concern, claiming that the current Irish law lags behind the standards that are set by the European legislation. There is also claim that the proposed legislation needs to take recognition of similar decisions which are handed down by European and UK courts, given the fact that these two jurisdictions have defamation laws which are considered to be the benchmark in libel protection. The Approach of the Courts This brief has covered the various constitutional and legislative frameworks that are in place in order to allow the courts to properly discharge their role of applying the law. But often there comes a time when the courts are still required to make decisions where the law is unclear or non-existent, which is the cornerstone of the common law system. Ireland is no different, and there have been plenty of common law decisions handed down over time to provide further guidance as to how defamation law is applied in the Irish jurisdiction. The courts have further elaborated upon the already existing laws in Ireland and have accordingly specified that in order for a statement to be actionable under defamation, the following three key criteria must be satisfied: The statement must be published; The statement must refer to the person complaining; and The statement must be proven to be false. In relation to the need for the statement to be published, the courts have said that (for example) a letter that is sent to a person only becomes slanderous when it is read by persons other than to whom it was addressed, given that there would otherwise be no evidence of the comments in the letter becoming public. However, the courts have also stated that a person who anticipates that a statement will become public can apply for an injunction to prevent its publication; however where the publisher can prove a need to publish on the basis of public interest, the court will often refrain from issuing an injunction and leaving the claimant to seek remedy through damages at a later stage. The courts have further refined the abovementioned list of criteria for libel and slander, and have adopted the following list taken from Gatley on Libel and Slander (10th ed, 2004, London), which illustrates the factors that the court should take into consideration when deciding whether a newspaper article may be libellous: 1. The seriousness of the allegation. The more serious the charge, the more the public is misinformed and the individual harmed, if the allegation is not true; 2. The nature of the information, and the extent to which the subject-matter is a matter of public concern; 3. The source of the information. Some informants have no direct knowledge of the events. Some have their own axes to grind, or are being paid for their stories; 4. The steps taken to verify the information; 5. The status of the information. The allegation may have already been the subject of an investigation which commands respect; 6. The urgency of the matter. News is often a perishable commodity; 7. Whether comment was sought from the plaintiff. He may have information others do not possess or have not disclosed. An approach to the plaintiff will not always be necessary; 8. Whether the article contained the gist of the plaintiffs side of the story; 9. The tone of the article. A newspaper can raise queries or call for an investigation. It need not adopt allegations as statements of fact; 10. The circumstances of the publication, including the timing. This is not in itself an exhaustive list of what the court will consider in these cases involving publications in the media; however it at least allows us to establish the ratio decidendi behind it. The courts will of course balance the above list in conjunction with the constitutional and legislative rights of the public to receive such information; but the court will, at all times, seek to hand down a decision that ultimately serves the interests of the parties concerned as well as the public at large. Conclusion This brief has sought to offer a critical discussion as to how Irish defamation law seeks to protect the rights of individuals and the media. It has also sought to discuss the ways in which the courts are bound to apply the law. It is abundantly clear that defamation law is firmly entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, which forms the foundation of all laws that are enacted within that jurisdiction. The proposition that this brief set out to discuss claims that the defamation laws in Ireland seek to strike a balance between the right of someone to their reputation and the right of the media to freedom of expression. It is clear that the laws do attempt to do this, as one only needs to look at Article 40 of the Constitution to see an express demonstration of such a practice. The courts are obviously bound by the Constitution, and thus their freedom to interpret defamation laws is somewhat limited. However, the courts have been free to devise certain criteria within the constitutional and legislative framework that is in place to ensure a consistent application of defamation principles. There must be a need for the comments of a party to be published, be false and identify the claimant in order for a claim in slander can be substantiated. Within this, however, the courts have devised a list of factors which they consider in conjunction with these broad principles, which appear to allow for a number of different circumstances to be adjudged equally. Finally, it would appear that the standards relied upon by the Irish courts in regards to defamation laws are consistent with the approaches taken in other jurisdictions, especially in Europe. This is clearly evidenced by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which again establishes the notion that a domestic legislature must attempt to balance the rights of the individual with the right to freedom of expression. A democratic society cannot exist without these two factors being present, and thus it is of utmost importance to preserve them with the maximum possible effect, without detracting from the need to protect other individual and social rights. Bibliography Books Gatley, J.C.C., McEwen, R.L., and Lewis, P.S.C., Gatley on Libel and Slander (10th ed, 2004), London: Sweet and Maxwell Cases Ahern v Maguire (1840), full citation unavailable Australian Capital Television v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106 Judge Alan Mahon and others v Keena and another [2007] IEHC 348 Kennedy v Hearne [1988] IR 481 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 Leech v Independent Newspapers (Ireland) Ltd [2007] IEHC 223 National Irish Bank v Radio Telefis Eireann [1998] 2 IR 465 Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992) 177 CLR 1 Reynolds v Sunday Times Newspapers [2002] 2 AC 127 HL Legislation Defamation Act 1961 European Convention on Human Rights Irish Constitution United States Constitution Other Sources Author Unknown, Defamation Bill Goes Before Seanad (2006) The Irish Times, 6 December 2006, available at

Emily Dickinsons My Life Had Stood:A Loaded Gun Essay -- Literature P

Emily Dickinson's My Life Had Stood:A Loaded Gun Emily Dickinson is a poet known for her cryptic, confusing language. Words are often put together in an unusual way and create deciphering difficulties for the reader. But behind all the confusion is a hidden meaning that becomes clear, and one realizes that all the odd word choices were chosen for a specific reason. The poem I will try to analyze is My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun, or number 754. I find this to be one of her most difficult poems to decode. However, I find the images fascinating and the last stanza very confusing but intriguing. What I first thought the poem was about and what I finally came to a conclusion on are two completely different thoughts. Through answering questions on the poem’s literary elements, thorough analysis of the words, and rewriting the poem in my own words, I came to the conclusion that the poem is about a person who was taken on a journey with someone who saw something in her that was unrealized by anyone else, and the narra tor clung to that person through their time together. First, I will take apart the poem in terms of its use of literary elements. The diction of the poem is abstract and vague, in that it’s hard for the reader to easily understand what the narrator is really talking about. Dickinson uses particular, specific words for description: for example, in stanza four, when talking about a pillow the bird Eider-Duck is mentioned. She could have just said a duck’s or goose’s feathers, but she specifically writes Eider-Duck, which I found out is a fowl known for it’s fluffy feathers (hence the appropriate connection to the pillow). Dickinson also uses the word ‘sovereign’ when talking about the woods the narrator an... ... because she was simply too shy to step out—and then one day someone noticed her for the first time and saw all she had to offer. The rest of the poem is about their journeys together and the relationship that builds between the two of them. Maybe it’s the first real relationship with the opposite gender, so she is unsure how to act, and become jealous of the other â€Å"does,† and willing to put him before herself (such as watching over him at night). As shown, Emily Dickinson’s cryptic language and literary elements make for an interesting, yet sometimes confusing, poem. Her words and ideas, mixed with her sense of rhythm and rhyme, work together to produce poetic pieces that are of the highest quality. While the meaning of this poem can be debated—and one’s opinion of the meaning can change over time and with many re-readings—it is still a fascinating piece.

Dynamics and Conflict within a Team Essay

The team concept is not an unfamiliar one. We are surrounded by teams from the time we take our first breath until the time we leave this Earth. Doctors, nurses, aides, dieticians, housekeeping, and others all exhibited a collaborative effort to ensure our arrival into the world was a safe and successful journey. Our adventures throughout grade school were also brought about by teamwork. Sports, movies, ballet, politics, business, higher education and several other parameters of life as we know it are the epitomes of teamwork, well-choreographed representations of the adage that states â€Å"Two heads are better than one. Tasks achieved through teamwork are anticipated to be more thorough, more effective, more elaborative, more multifaceted, and more successful than those tasks carried out by one. Individuals comprising a team contribute intrinsic skills and intuitive knowledge to the whole of the team, each member making up for what the other lacks. The result is a balanced load of all the skills necessary to complete the assigned task with proficiency (Morris, 2005). The ultimate success of the team is strongly influenced by the member’s ability to work together in a cohesive state. Team dynamics† encompasses any and all ways that individual affiliates interact with their counterparts en route to the common goal. The overall characteristics of the assigned task, along with the inert skill of each member may also have an impact on the team’s success (Morris, 2005). However, the focus here is more concerned with the interpersonal relationships within a team and strategies to employ in an effort to avoid conflict or to utilize should conflict arise. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine defines team dynamics as the following: Often referred to colloquially as ‘team chemistry’; the patterns of interaction among team members that determine team spirit, harmony, cohesion, and morale. Some coaches believe that team dynamics are beyond their control, resulting from the unpredictable mixture of the personalities. Others believe that one of the most important tasks of a good coach is to create the best possible team dynamics for success (Oxford, 2005). The concepts behind this definition can apply to all types of teams. The team’s ‘chemistry’ is a dominant factor outlining the success of a team. If team members cannot work together effectively, then completing their assigned project is a more difficult goal to achieve. The virtual team is presented with quite a few more discrepancies to overcome than those teams centered in real time. Before they are fully able to work up to their potential, the virtual teammates must establish some kind of rapport with their fellow constituents, lay down mutual ground rules ensuring each member has a designated responsibility, and everyone must strive to meet the team’s common goal, no matter their differences individually. Of these aforementioned qualities, the neutral rapport is the most difficult one to render effectively. Unfortunately, personality is often misinterpreted or lacking in full in the virtual team environment compared to those real time teams, where the member’s personalities are vividly displayed. Physically present interaction allows one to pick up on the visual and unspoken cues that contribute to a person’s character. Body language, voice inflection and intonation, the nodding of a head, or firm handshake are just among the few effective communications present in the real world, but lacking in the virtual realm. One has to rely on their own interpretations of their affiliate’s written accounts and then come to a fair-minded conclusion. â€Å"When it comes to teamwork, a person’s ability to build relationships, work with others, and communicate effectively can be more important than his or her technical expertise† (Dawson, 2005). This concept is crucial if an online team is to be successful. If one member does not have the ability to communicate their own thoughts and ideas online, how will the rest of the team incorporate that member’s contributions into the project? The need for team dynamics is understood after the team is formed, when the individuals work collaboratively toward the common goal. The precursor to team dynamics is (or should be) thoroughly contemplated prior to assigning each member to the team, according to the task at hand and the skills of each member. If the team consists of those most knowledgeable in marketing an idea, for example, and the project calls for a team of post-marketing surveyors, then (obviously) the team would not know how to go about getting the job done, and so their dynamics would be hindered. Team members need to trust each other as well as trust each other’s expertise. They need to feel confident that the other members are doing their share, so that when the team finally pools their ideas together, a multifaceted solution results. Teaming is a collective responsibility; every member is held accountable for their individual contribution, as well as the timely completion of the collaborative effort. In 1965, Bruce W. Tuckman developed a model of five stages for developing teams: â€Å"forming†, â€Å"norming†, â€Å"storming†, â€Å"producing† and â€Å"ending† (Bookman, 2005). At the â€Å"forming† stage, dynamics are important because this is where things begin. At this point you need the chemistry to see how to set up the group according to each other’s strengths and weaknesses. You need to feel confident that all of the members are willing to do what is required for the good of the team. The â€Å"norming† stage is where the group comes together. Dynamics are important here because decisions need to be made and rules need to be set. The team needs to decide who will do what. Expectations, both of the group and of each individual, will also be determined at this point. The team also has to decide what will be done regarding conflicts, lack of participation of a member, and lack of , or insufficient, contributions. If the group dynamic falls apart here, the group will fall apart. If a problem is going to exist, it usually makes itself present during the â€Å"storming† stage, which now comes into play. Strong dynamics within the group can help resolve potential problems before they become major issues. As long as the group can communicate well, they should be able to resolve any conflicts. Next in line is the â€Å"producing† stage, where good team dynamics start to pay off as the team is now producing high volumes of quality work. At this point, if there are problems with the work, a strong team dynamic will ensure the issues are resolved. Finally (and appropriately titled), we come to the â€Å"ending† stage. The team itself has completed their task and is no longer required or just one member could be departing as their individual task is complete, marking this point. If the team as a whole terminates, a good dynamic can ensure each member walks away with a positive outlook, especially if there may be another opportunity to work with the same team. However, if the ending is due to a teammate’s departure, a good team dynamic will make it easier to carry on without that member’s presence (Bookman, 2005). Improving team dynamics is actually a learning experience. Each member has to learn to develop or improve upon their ability to trust, be dependent upon, and work with each of their partners. One way to do this is through challenge programs. Challenge programs are initiated away from the office, and are not specifically job related. The people involved will face physical or mental challenges with only the other members of their group to rely on. The team’s success will depend on each member’s ability to trust, guide and accept guidance, assist and accept assistance from their colleagues. When it comes to teams, and the team dynamic, the success of the team is dependant on the success of the individuals (Steinfeld, 2005). Another concept, if a physical challenge program is not an option, is an on-line training program. According to the â€Å"News† section (2005), Personnel Today mentioned that the BBC used an on-line training program that showed that the majority of participants learned a ‘significant amount’ by participating in the program. The basis of this program was to show that teams can be more successful when the leaders use more of a teaching / coaching approach rather than a command-and-control approach. Yet another option to improve team dynamics, and have a successful team, is found in Kenneth E. Holtman’s (2005) â€Å"The 10 commandments of team leadership. † (Training 101: It’s a team effort). The abstract is a follows: The first requires them to stick to their mission and vision, which guide teams in creating and using more precise strategies and plans. The second commandment obligates team leaders not to tolerate undesirable behavior, which can only undermine team morale and performance if not addressed properly. The third commandment insists on the eschewal of self-interest to dominate over mutual interest, which helps avoid resentment, competition and conflict. The other rules require preventing fear to influence team behavior, fighting cliques which can affect team dynamics, dealing with conflict, refusing to recognize luck of trust as an excuse, encouraging risk taking, sharing information and managing processes carefully. Although this article refers to the leadership role, it can also be a guide to improve the team dynamic at an individual level. Even an individual, is a leader, when it comes to their part of the project. In summary, team dynamics are important because dynamic or ‘real’ teams have clarity of purpose. Everyone understands the team’s objectives, as well as own intrinsic roles in delivering them. Other key characteristics include a focus on quality, support for innovation, and the ability to work creatively with potential conflicts† (Agnes, 2005). Time Management . . . A concept we should all thoroughly master. In our present lives, though, managing time seems to be an insurmountable feat. We have goals whose obtainment is so far in the distance that we tend to lose sight of them, put them off to satisfy the initial moment, and lose ourselves in the process. We all have so many things going on in life these days. We all wear so many hats, working valiantly to meet up with the demands of each one. In doing so, we put too much pressure on ourselves to please the masses, not focusing on which one should come first or which ones can be eliminated to better suit the more prospective accessories. Prioritize! Analyze your collection of hats, keeping in mind that God only gave you one head because you are only one person. The two hands He blessed you with are more suitable for delegating the tasks by passing down or throwing out the hats which do not measure up to the high priority coverings. Don’t waste time finding time. Each and every day seems to begin with focusing on the fastest route from point â€Å"A† to point â€Å"B,† like those deluded souls you may see driving around forever in a crowded parking lot simply to get a closer space, when they could have been in the building faster if only they had taken the first available slot. We put too much time-consuming thought into those misconstrued notions held dear to our â€Å"get rich quick† â€Å"instant gratification† society. Success does not happen overnight; it never will. Honest achievements are the result of dedication, blood, sweat, tears, pain, anguish, mental fatigue, still persevering in light of all these constituents. Do not delude yourself to the â€Å"get something for nothing† ideal. In all matters of simplicity, it is just not going to happen. Instead, spend one day planning out your entire journey en route to destination, â€Å"My Ultimate Goal,† mapping out your daily trek so that you know the steps required to make your arrival at your future locale a realistic ambition. Once the plan is made, we tend to start off by flying and then realize we find more pleasure in the up close and personal (although more time-consuming) scenic route. Do not focus on the negative concept of the ultimate goal being so far away, rather focus on the here and now – the positive reinforcement and instant gratification that makes itself present, daily, through climbing and conquering each individual cliff on the way to the your mountain’s pinnacle. If you have chosen to spend your time griping to others about how unfair life can be, then you have the time to realize the actions required to change it. If you have the time to criticize others who are happy with their lives, then you have the time to determine what you need to do to satisfy your own, putting those realized actions into motion. Do not succumb to your past negative experiences that have defined your life up to this point. Reflect and eject or define and redesign! Recognize and get rid of those experiences not applicable to your present life. Or, acknowledge those hindrances and transform them into positives. We only become strong by being willing to overcome. Once we overcome the negatives in our past, we can then view them as a present and future positive, in retrospect. Do not allow present or future obstacles to terminate your journey. Push them aside, jump over them, steer around them, or do whatever you have to do to find your way back to the path you once initiated. If the obstacles are applicable to your future and you must bring them along, simply take them under your wing and walk, instead of flying. More time will be required to reach your destination, but at least you will be continuing in the right direction. According to Carol Carter, Joyce Bishop and Sarah Lyman Kravits (2002), â€Å"When you set goals, prioritize, and manage your time effectively, . . . you can develop the kind of focus that will help you achieve . . . † Individuals and the whole team can utilize this strategy to enhance their own time management skills. Time management can be accomplished at the individual level by assessing one’s daily schedule. Write a list of wanted accomplishments, and then prioritize. Be realistic when compiling a daily schedule, and do not list more than can be effectively achieved by sundown. Take control of goals and stay on task. Learn how to say â€Å"no† to keep control of your schedule. If unforeseen deviations do occur, simply get back on track as soon as possible. Times saving techniques are also helpful with effective time management. Take a few minute each day to plan the events happening that day, or schedule known appointments and other obligations occurring days, weeks, even months away, and then regressing to mark progress thus far. Day Runners, calendars, date books, PDAs and computers are some of the many tools available for using time wisely. Place items in â€Å"urgent† and â€Å"non-urgent† categories as the list is compiled. (Stephen Covey’s 4 Quadrants Principle). Schedule within a reasonable time frame. Allow for relaxation breaks so that the focus is heightened once back on task. Incorporating critical thinking into our daily lives and daily routines will help us to use this technique in many areas of our lives and make more effective decisions. As the day starts, think through your day and look over your daily list to see in any adjustments need to be made. Again allow for flexibility.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

The National Historic Preservation Act is a law that serves to create the â€Å"National Register of Historic Places, the list of â€Å"National Historic Landmarks and the posts of â€Å"State Historic Preservation Officers† of the United States which aims of preserving the entire national and archeological site in the said country (nps.gov, 2007). Enacted in 1966, it has already been to a lot of amendments since then, this law mandates government agencies to determine the effects of various government funded construction projects (fema.gov, 2002). In other words, this act encourages the government agencies to safeguard their preservations programs alongside with the advisory council on Historic preservation. The reason of the existence of this act is due to the fact that year after year, historical sites and other national heritage places has been experiencing degrading concern and of less priority as a government sponsored public works projects. There have been a lot of national heritage sites and historical places that needs major attention, and only the government could help them to be preserved and maintained. Currently, National Historic Preservation Act serves as the basis of most of the government policies concerning on historical preservation in America. With the aid of this act, the role of the Federal preservations was expanded which gives way for the birth of the â€Å"National Antiquities Act† which gives the president the power to restrict the use of any public land owned by the government through executive order. With this, the government authorities would now have the authority and the means of further protecting and preserving the historical site in the United States. Moreover, the federal power could now also be distributed to various states and from the state going to the localities to ensure the effectiveness of the said act. In addition to this, the Historical preservations already widened its coverage by including even the places with no significant historical value. The Effects With the implementation of this act, the definition of a â€Å"Historical value† was broadened. Before the said law was enacted in 1966, only the historical places are being valued by the government or the only one who’s having attention to most of the government officials. But after the birth of the National Historic Preservation Act, it is already being included in the lists of National Register of Historic Places the sites, buildings, objects and all the structures that has of great significance and value to American history, architecture, archeology and culture may it be of a national, state or local significance. In addition to that, the word â€Å"district† is also already being included in the scope of this act. This only means that neighborhoods can already be now included in the preservation program of the government as mandated by law. With the inclusion of the word â€Å"district† in the scope of this law would rationalize any endowment that the secretary of the interior for rehabilitation and exterior restoration in historic districts gives to individuals from various sectors which have identified any neighborhood that is of great importance to them (Murtagh). Moreover, the confusion between the grants for house rehabilitation and the current programs of the secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development can now be clarified. The said law is also the one responsible for making the Department of Interior takes the responsibility of planning and rehabilitating historic districts which was being handled by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. With this, there would be more efficient implementation of the said law since it is not the forte of the Department of Housing and Urban Development the said responsibility. Furthermore, it is through the aid of this law that most of the citizens now understands that there are still other means of ensuring the quality of housing projects in the state and local levels aside from the destruction of urban renewal. Government officials could now get funds for the replacement of the existing housing stock not only from the secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development but also to the secretary of the Department of Interiors. This means that there are already more government agencies that could serve as a source of funds to finance the rehabilitation activities of various agencies and groups. The said act also give way for the establishment of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation made by people from the cabinet of the president and a selected number of private citizens which would serve as the group of people responsible in determining the effects of the federal tax to the cultural properties of the country as well as on the proper treatment of the cultural properties existing in the United States. Case Study Back in the 1990’s, Texans had some hard time in convincing the Texas government to make the Washington-on-the Brazos, the site where the Texas Declaration of Independence had been signed, to be considered as a historical site. What the Texan government tried to consider was the Alamo and San Jacinto battlefield. There were three reasons why the government chose the said two places as a historical site and not the Washington-on-the-Brazos. First was that Washington-on-the-Brazos has little a number of ruined houses that are far from major roads and towns whereas Alamo was situated in downtown San Antonio and San Jacinto battlefield was near from Houston. Secondly, the signing of the declaration of independence was not a concrete physical place or even related not to mention that the document was not in Washington but already placed in the State Archives at Austin. The last but not he least would be that only the local people are the one who is considering the said town site a place valuable of preservation (Trujillo, 2000). This clearly gives us the idea that there is a big discrepancy between what is to be preserved and what is important to the community. Before, as stated above, only those places that are within reach and accessible are only being granted with preservation like Alamo and San Jacinto and not considering those places that has of significant value to the locals as well as the community as a whole. REFERENCES fema.gov. (2002). National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), 1966 As Amended (2000) [Electronic Version], 1. Retrieved 10-06-07 from http://www.fema.gov/plan/ehp/ehplaws/nhpa.shtm. Murtagh, W. Keeping Times nps.gov. (2007). National Historic Preservation Act of 1966-as amended through 1992 [Electronic Version], 65. Retrieved 10-06-07 from http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/FHPL_HistPrsrvt.pdf. Trujillo, M. à . L. (2000). Lights and Shadows in Texas Preservation: The Case of Washington-on-the-Brazos State National Park [Electronic Version], 20. Retrieved 10-06-07.      

Answers to Questions About Referring to Death

Answers to Questions About Referring to Death Answers to Questions About Referring to Death Answers to Questions About Referring to Death By Mark Nichol Here are three questions about how to treat references to people who have died, and my responses. 1. For how long after someone’s death is it necessary and/or appropriate to use â€Å"the late† to describe them? I know we don’t say â€Å"the late Ludwig van Beethoven,† but what about a board chairman who died twelve years ago? There’s no standard rule, but in objective, dispassionate content, late should generally be used only a few years after someone’s death. (A widow or widower referring to a deceased spouse, however, gets a lifetime pass.) 2. If I refer to someone’s having died in 2001, do I refer to the person in the same sentence as â€Å"the late John Smith,† for example, or is that redundant? Late is redundant to an explicit reference to a person’s death, and the objective reference is preferable to late. For example, â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from the late John Smith, who died in 2001† is redundant, and â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from John Smith, who died in 2001† is preferable to â€Å"The project was funded by a bequest from the late John Smith,† because the former sentence is more specific. 3. Is it objectionable in formal writing for the general public to refer explicitly to death i.e., are euphemisms like â€Å"passed away† truly preferable to died? On the contrary: Died is preferable to euphemisms like â€Å"passed away.† In informative text, use straightforward language; readers appreciate clear, specific wording and don’t need to be coddled with tiptoeing generalities. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Freshman Fifteen Essays

Freshman Fifteen Essays Freshman Fifteen Essay Freshman Fifteen Essay Historical Interview Research Paper Freshman Fifteen Freshman 15 is common about college. In this myth it is understood that students gain nearly fifteen pounds during the freshman time. In many case this myth has often been proven to be true with several factors and many of the other factors being the corner stone of this myth. Since it is considered a practice, it is necessary to understand the important factors which might lead to the quick increase in weight when one joins college. This is really dangers myth for the freshman once they start their college life far away from family. According to College Parents of America that college meal plans are designed in an â€Å"all-you-can-eat† system. This allows the students to swipe their ID cards or sign in for a meal to eat as much as they want during the meal time. Also, choices sometime are awesome and appetizing, so that may lead the students in the absolutely new setting to eat as much as they can accumulate more calories in the long run. Similarly, the students have behavio ur of going out on social meals. Even though this is the basis for effective socialization and friend making at the college, a few long meals with the â€Å"all-you-can-eat† system increases the number of visits to the counter for more and more food. This may happen for a period of time before the students themselves can recognize that they are spending more time in the dining hall and eating a lot (College Parents of America). : I have done an interview about students at Grand Valley State University, asking them about freshman 15 myth. However, most of my interviewers were females; also they were more experienced about freshman 15 more than the males. More than 75% of the females at GVSU gained weight in their freshman year, but on the other hand only 25% of the males at GVSU gained the freshman 15. A student at GVSU her name is Sarah. She started her college life when she was 19 years old, and she was thin tall girl of about 5’7? and her weight at 109 lbs .she said that everything were good until her family and her old friends started to tell her that she have a small belly, all that happen because of the late-night studying and fast food. Also, she used to eat Pizza for breakfast. She liked the idea of sharing her story about freshman 15. Because, she wants to encourage other young females to be more careful and not to ignore their weights otherwise their weight will be out of control as she used t o be before (Sarah). Moreover, College Parents of America say that the experience in freshman year is engaging and very adventurous. Many students’ schedules are busy and most of the students end up skipping and missing meals. In this context they are often compel to take other types of food, especially the fast foods at a later time. The snacks and fast foods taken during the later times often contain a high amount of calories. This may in turn lead to addition of weight by the students. The food choices in the college dining hall also play an important role in the increase in weight of many students in freshman years. The huge group of options available for students to choose from usually presents difficulty in right eating habits. In this case students tend to prefer burgers and French fires to salad bar, fruits and broiled chicken. This leads to increase in the calorie intake during the meals thus increase in the weight of the students (College Parents of America). With all wrong choices of fo od type that freshman is eating them all the time. It might be able to lead them not only to gain weight but also to have several diseases. There are many things can attract the students desires to eat more and more. The biggest one is the vending machines. Many universities have a lot of vending machines everywhere, between their halls next to the classes, so they can help the students to eat a lot and when they eat a lot their weights will be increasing a lot. College Parents of America included that snacking is also another factor in the increase in weight among the students in their freshman year. Most of the freshman year students snack all day long. Eating snakes through late night study sessions or between the classes and residence hall meetings is very common for the students. In this case students generally eat more while at the freshman year than previously when they are at school. The frequency of social gatherings in college may also contribute towards weight gain. These require the informal gatherings students organize with their friends at college. Most of the gatherings do not end without food, drinks or s ome snacks. However, having dinner in town, pizza ordering late at night and some take out food, all add up to increase in the calorie and food in take. This coupled with the fact that some of the foods taken are not recommended by nutritionists thus leading to increase in weight (College Parents of America). College Parents of America also talked about the college functions. College functions give the student many chances to eat more than necessary. Performances, lectures, clubs, panel discussions, seminars, and meeting with faculty members are some of the college gathering in which students may get the chance to eat. In some colleges where the students have been found to participate in more indoor activities, the administration have often organized outdoor activities such as sports and games coupled with snacks to attract the students into outdoor activities. It is also important to note that the rate of appearing in sports and games by the students greatly decreases when they join colleges. Many students who used to play a lot pick not to play while others pursue games that are more relaxing rather than the strenuous ones they engaged in while at school. Similarly, many students often walked to school daily while at high school. However, this changes since when they join college they t end to stay within the confines of the schools. This reduces the amount of calories burnt while at high school. In the end they student tend to store more calories in freshman year as compared to high school years thus they are likely to gain more weight (College Parents of America). Without any kind of exercise, not all that amount of calories will burn. In addition, if the students tend to ignore that it will increase their weights festally. Emotional factors too may play a role in weight gain at freshman year. As what College Parents of America says that students who may be homesick or stressed up could eat a lot for comfort. In this process, they increase the levels of calorie intake. Similar the increased intake of energy drinks may contribute to the increase in the weight of students at freshman year (College Parents of America). Some freshmen may eat and drink a lot to forget, and with all that food and drink, their body weight will be increasing. Many students think that energy drinks are good for them but what College Parents of America says that energy drinks especially those with caffeine are common among the students during the class hours, sports sessions and relaxations places. These drinks are often full with sugar and high calories. Similarly, alcohol intake may increase weight among the first year. Many college students drink with others, but some of them doing it excessively. Alcohol contains some calorie contents. If they added the calories with the other collected, the weight of the students must increase (College Parents of America). Hirsh says hat to avoid all there is need for one to get enough exercise while in first year. This would ensure that all the extra calories taken in foods and snacks are burnt. Most researchers have recommended that the student should exercise at least three days a week to ensure they do not contain excess calories. If this is done, research has shown that the students in question tend to enjoy a high degree of comfort than those with excess weight. Students involved in exercise activities were also likely to be more effective in their time management. There is a proverb says that the good mind is in the good body. Drug abuse and alcohol should be avoided. According to Hirsh, alcohol and other drugs such as cigarettes are considered to destroy the appetite. Smoking and drinking can make exercise and other normal physical activities difficult. Apart from the difficulty in climbing the stairs and walking to classrooms being made difficult, alcohol and drug abuse also exposes the abusers to have health problems of the heart, lungs and kidney (Hirsh). A lot of people said that if you smoke the weight will decreases, which is totally wrong. Smoking and drinking a lot of alcohol can cause many diseases beside the weight. Hirsh says that many smokers who have quit have often found more energy for them to engage in calorie burning activities such as strenuous exercises. This implies that when one quits smoking and engage in drug abuse, there are high chances that there will be increased engagement in physical activities thus burning the extra calories that might be available for the body. Getting enough sleep is also necessary for ensuring that the body relaxes. Enough sleep helps the body maintains its healthy weight. Sleeping also offers an opportunity for one to manage stress and avoid excessive eating. Ensuring enough sleep can be achieved by developing and following to a regular sleeping schedule. Similarly, exercising, watching TV and listening to loud music should be avoided before going to bed. If all these are done and nutrit ionist’s recommended eating habits followed to, there will be reduced cases of increase in weight at freshman year (Hirsh). â€Å"The Freshman 15: Will Your College Student Gain More From College Than You Expected?† College Parents of America.College Parents of America, n.d. Web. 18. Oct. 2012. Hirsh, Larissa. â€Å"TeensHealth.† Beating the Freshman 15. The Nemours Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. Sarah. Personal interview. 15 Oct. 2012.

Renewable Resource Mechanisms and the Means With Which They Produce Thesis Proposal

Renewable Resource Mechanisms and the Means With Which They Produce Electricity - Thesis Proposal Example Policies relating to production tax credit, standardization policy, renewable energy benefit funds as well as performance standards for buildings, credits for installation of appliances that are renewable resource compliant, mortgages and loans for such buildings will definitely help to the nation to turn towards renewable energy. The researcher is of the view that renewable resource mechanisms for the generation of electricity have not been given its due justice. There is dearth of policies which are being practiced today partly because renewable resources development is a new arena in which policy makers are afraid to venture into. More awareness is needed in the education of political representatives in matters relating to renewable resource mechanisms available for generating electricity, especially its benefits and long-term implications for the nation. The researcher shall endeavor to explore policies which are being adopted around the world with particular interest in the stud y of various policy alternatives available for the US administration to adopt in the future for its people. Sovacool, B.K. 2009. Whats the Best Way to Promote Renewable Electricity? Scitizen. Online accessed on 24 February 2010 from: http://scitizen.com/future-energies/what-s-the-best-way-to-promote-renewable-electricity-_a-14-2641.html Author not available 2009. What are renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and how do they affect generation of electricity from renewable sources? US Energy Information Administration. Online accessed on 24 February 2010 from:

San Francisco Symphony Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

San Francisco Symphony Analysis - Case Study Example The industry is characterized by declining subscriber base for concerts, which since and this forms the core product of artistic performance. Symphonies are experiencing challenges in attracting younger generation and growing their subscriptions due to changes in lifestyles and desires (Schmitt, p 5). Another trend in the industry is the increasing musician costs that have led to operating deficits for 9 out of 10 of the orchestras in the US. Musician’s salaries form 50 percent of the operating costs and have increased substantially due to the need to retain talent and meet trade union demands (Schmitt, p 5). The industry is characterized by poor working relationships among musician unions, boards of directors and management staff. and tThis trend has led to musician strikes (Schmitt, p 5). For instance, the Detroit Symphony experienced a 6 -month strike in 2011. The while Chicago Symphony Orchestra experienced a 48- hour strike that culminated to higherin an increase of musician salaries without additional responsibilities like community outreach. SFS experienced a 2two-week strike in March 2013 thus leading to cancelation of the East Coast tour and performance at New York’s Carnegie Hall (Schmitt, p 6). 2.1Corporate strategy The corporate strategy of SFS is aimed at ensuring the highest possible standard of excellence in music performance across the globve. The company has a range of musical styles and innovative approach to music presentation (Schmitt, p 12). It is imperative for the SFS to appeal to a younger generation through outreach programs.

Critically Evaluate Project Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critically Evaluate Project Plan - Essay Example The main difference between leadership and management is how they motivate people as managers motivate their subordinates through communicating while leaders persuade their followers to remain committed to the shared vision (Northouse 2010). The managers react to changes in the built environment while leaders create change. Accordingly, managers exercise their control and power while leaders develop power within their people (Alizor 2011). The managers will try to maintain status quo through organizing and directing project tasks while leaders set new directions and perspectives that challenge the existing status quo in housing projects (Lussier and Achua 2010). Autocratic leadership style involves making decisions without consulting the subordinates and project managers often use this leadership style in emergency situations. Autocratic leadership may lead to team hostility and high dependence on the leader thus it is ineffective in the delegation of tasks (Burke and Barron 2014). Harrell (2008) outlines that the approach requires close supervision, but it is appropriate in making faster decisions. Transactional leadership style will involve the use of formal job descriptions, authority and formal job output expectations to implement a dwelling project. The approach to leadership leads to less job satisfaction. Laissez-faire leadership style is a hands-off approach to leadership whereby the leader provides the required resources and tools for the successful completion of the dwelling project (Lussier and Achua 2010). The subordinates are free to make their own decisions and it is effective when the subordinates are highly experienced and mo tivated. The approach is not ideal where the team members have not prior experience in executing successful dwelling projects.

Tikal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tikal - Essay Example The temple pyramids were made of limestone blocks and lorded over other surrounding structures. Lattice of stone were also added in Maya roof comb to make it as a grand-looking edifice. Architects considered the Maya site in Tikal of Guatemala as the most extraordinary construction of buildings as a work of art. The site is imposed with temples of the Giant Jaguar (ca. A.D. 700), Masks (ca. A.D. 699), and the North Acropolis (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010a). It was believed that at the core of the Giant Jaguar temple is a high priest’s tomb with hundreds of vases and jade as offerings. A quiet sanctuary was also built intended for worshipper at the top of the nine-tiered pyramid (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010a; Totten, 1926). The rooms in these temples are accordingly narrow and design for ritual or ceremonial activities only. Some perceived that the design and alignment of these rooms are significant and imply a certain value to the inhabitants. Other eye-catching structures in the city are palaces in single-storey platforms with several rooms and with interior courtyards (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010b). The nunnery in Uxmal also looked like a palace (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010b). Rulers, elites and the noble families are presumed by archaeologists to have occupied these structures and those cell-like rooms in some structures were probably rooms of religious leaders in their communities e.g. priests, monks, and nuns (Ching, Jarzombek, & Prakash, 2011). They also had this structure known as Temple of the Sun at the Palenque and some sturdy edifice of a Great Gate at Labna (Ching, Jarzombek, & Prakash, 2011). This form of Architecture is considered quite expressive of sophisticated decoration of arts, carvings, and wall paintings of ancient symbols (Ching, Jarzombek, & Prakash, 2011). Those building are interconnected by roads made of stones, also known as causeways. Although experts criticized that Maya city was

Investment Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Investment Strategy - Essay Example  ­For this formula, the n refers to the number of times per year that interest is compounded. This will be the formula that will be used in this case because the interest needs to be compounded monthly. The option that I would choose would entirely depend on how I planned to spend it. If I was looking only at the short term, then I would be better to go with the one-off payment of $100,000. However, if my goals were set towards the long term, then I would be far better off to go with the monthly payments of $750 per month. In the figures above, it can be seen that considerably more money is gained through the one-off payment after 10 years, but that the monthly payments accumulate much more at 20 and 30 years respectively. To find where the change occurs precisely, take a look at the following: The table above shows that while the $100,000 one-off payment is worth more than the $750 monthly payments after year 16, it only takes one more year, year 17, for the monthly payments of $750 to be worth more. The benefits to each option are obvious. If someone is after quick money and does not have any long-term plans for the future, then they should take the one-off payment of $100,000. However, if they want to make long-term plans that will hopefully benefit future generations, then the best option is to take the $750 monthly installments. The age that someone has a choice to make obviously would affect their decision. As I am a student, I would likely take the monthly payment option because I would benefit from it later on in life. However, someone that was close to old age would want to take the $100,000 one-off payment because they would likely not be around much longer. If they were to take the monthly payments and then suddenly pass away, they would not get much use out of the

Critically Assess Whether Monetary Union Within The EU Has Been Essay

Critically Assess Whether Monetary Union Within The EU Has Been Successful And Discuss Suggested Changes Which Could Be Made To - Essay Example It will also lay out some of the discussion regarding the debt crisis and the importance of the European Central Bank in the current situation. The Success of Monetary Union within the European Union The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has been extraordinary in the contemporary history of the European economy and was successful in altering the international economic landscape. Following a decade of its release, the Euro was successful in offering steadiness with regard to businesses along with the national economies. The Euro protects against tentative sprints in relation to the national currencies. A sole monetary policy that was adopted for the Member States, which was united with synchronized global fiscal policies, was capable of promoting macroeconomic steadiness. The EMU successfully encouraged Europe of economic integration and also amplified investments, financial incorporation and cross-border business. EMU within the EU also facilitated in enhancing the budgetary discipli ne and even took care and stabilised the repositioning of the exchange rate which were known to upset the European economy at regular intervals in the past (European Union, 2009). The EMU had even augmented the EU’s flexibility to unfavourable jolts and facilitated in promoting management of the international economy by the EU. Besides these the tangible advantages that were generated by the EMU gave rise to or created strong public finances and strengthened the worldwide position of Euro (European Union, 2009). Discussion of the Problems and the Suggested Changes By entering the Euro zone, European countries lost their monetary independence and also their central banks, which in cases like that of the current crisis would back the countries’ sovereign bonds. This is a drawback of the European monetary system and the European Central Bank (ECB) should be allowed to â€Å"stand behind solvent and sovereigns with unconditional and unlimited liquidity† (The Economi st, 2011, p. 65). Whether Germany can accept this situation is still to be seen, but it should admit the implications and get ready for a breakdown of monetary union or try to act in symphony with other various member states. A parallel, although not obvious, could be traced with Argentina’s debt issues a decade ago. Argentina had its peso fixed to the dollar, maintaining something close to a monetary union with the US. In 2001 to early 2002 it suffered a debt and currency crisis leading that country to default. Source: (Hugh, 2011). However, this has not been an option for Greece. German finance minister holds the keys to the money printing machines. The German Chancellor needs to be approached to receive consent for the reason of printing money. Therefore, this trims down the prudence enjoyed by the Portuguese government, but the ways by which the Eurozone gets affected owing to this still need to be explored. In order to further comprehend the aspect, help of an assumption can be taken. For instance, a Chinese

Tikal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tikal - Essay Example The temple pyramids were made of limestone blocks and lorded over other surrounding structures. Lattice of stone were also added in Maya roof comb to make it as a grand-looking edifice. Architects considered the Maya site in Tikal of Guatemala as the most extraordinary construction of buildings as a work of art. The site is imposed with temples of the Giant Jaguar (ca. A.D. 700), Masks (ca. A.D. 699), and the North Acropolis (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010a). It was believed that at the core of the Giant Jaguar temple is a high priest’s tomb with hundreds of vases and jade as offerings. A quiet sanctuary was also built intended for worshipper at the top of the nine-tiered pyramid (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010a; Totten, 1926). The rooms in these temples are accordingly narrow and design for ritual or ceremonial activities only. Some perceived that the design and alignment of these rooms are significant and imply a certain value to the inhabitants. Other eye-catching structures in the city are palaces in single-storey platforms with several rooms and with interior courtyards (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010b). The nunnery in Uxmal also looked like a palace (Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2010b). Rulers, elites and the noble families are presumed by archaeologists to have occupied these structures and those cell-like rooms in some structures were probably rooms of religious leaders in their communities e.g. priests, monks, and nuns (Ching, Jarzombek, & Prakash, 2011). They also had this structure known as Temple of the Sun at the Palenque and some sturdy edifice of a Great Gate at Labna (Ching, Jarzombek, & Prakash, 2011). This form of Architecture is considered quite expressive of sophisticated decoration of arts, carvings, and wall paintings of ancient symbols (Ching, Jarzombek, & Prakash, 2011). Those building are interconnected by roads made of stones, also known as causeways. Although experts criticized that Maya city was

Critically Assess Whether Monetary Union Within The EU Has Been Essay

Critically Assess Whether Monetary Union Within The EU Has Been Successful And Discuss Suggested Changes Which Could Be Made To - Essay Example It will also lay out some of the discussion regarding the debt crisis and the importance of the European Central Bank in the current situation. The Success of Monetary Union within the European Union The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has been extraordinary in the contemporary history of the European economy and was successful in altering the international economic landscape. Following a decade of its release, the Euro was successful in offering steadiness with regard to businesses along with the national economies. The Euro protects against tentative sprints in relation to the national currencies. A sole monetary policy that was adopted for the Member States, which was united with synchronized global fiscal policies, was capable of promoting macroeconomic steadiness. The EMU successfully encouraged Europe of economic integration and also amplified investments, financial incorporation and cross-border business. EMU within the EU also facilitated in enhancing the budgetary discipli ne and even took care and stabilised the repositioning of the exchange rate which were known to upset the European economy at regular intervals in the past (European Union, 2009). The EMU had even augmented the EU’s flexibility to unfavourable jolts and facilitated in promoting management of the international economy by the EU. Besides these the tangible advantages that were generated by the EMU gave rise to or created strong public finances and strengthened the worldwide position of Euro (European Union, 2009). Discussion of the Problems and the Suggested Changes By entering the Euro zone, European countries lost their monetary independence and also their central banks, which in cases like that of the current crisis would back the countries’ sovereign bonds. This is a drawback of the European monetary system and the European Central Bank (ECB) should be allowed to â€Å"stand behind solvent and sovereigns with unconditional and unlimited liquidity† (The Economi st, 2011, p. 65). Whether Germany can accept this situation is still to be seen, but it should admit the implications and get ready for a breakdown of monetary union or try to act in symphony with other various member states. A parallel, although not obvious, could be traced with Argentina’s debt issues a decade ago. Argentina had its peso fixed to the dollar, maintaining something close to a monetary union with the US. In 2001 to early 2002 it suffered a debt and currency crisis leading that country to default. Source: (Hugh, 2011). However, this has not been an option for Greece. German finance minister holds the keys to the money printing machines. The German Chancellor needs to be approached to receive consent for the reason of printing money. Therefore, this trims down the prudence enjoyed by the Portuguese government, but the ways by which the Eurozone gets affected owing to this still need to be explored. In order to further comprehend the aspect, help of an assumption can be taken. For instance, a Chinese

Richardsons Pamela or Viture Rewarded Essay Example for Free

Richardsons Pamela or Viture Rewarded Essay A book can be moral if it raises moral questions even if it doesnt provide moral answers. That is the view of Marilyn Edelstein, associate professor of English at Santa Clara University. Morality is a widespread term used in literature from the early beginnings. The writer uses the moral perspective to discuss the corruption of the society or even the era in which he lives as a whole, to provide moral lessons and help to replace vice with virtue. There are many writers used to present moral lessons through their literary works. For example, Samuel Richardson is one of the most popular and admired writers of his time. Richardson’s Pamela is considered the best example to reveal about the moral element in literature. So let us shed lights on the moral element through Richardson’s Pamela. Many of the objections to Samuel Richardsons Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded have come about because of its alleged middle-class morality. Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela as an example of the value of moral behavior. Believing in the direct intervention of God, Richardson felt that virtuous actions led to success on earth as well as in heaven. The Novel was praised for its psychological veracity and its moral influence on the readers. Pamela is the symbol of morality in Richardsons Pamela or virtue rewarded. Pamela is a 15 years old servant girl who struggles to keep her virginity. During the past three years, Pamela has been serving the kindly Mrs. B but unfortunately she just died and her son Mr. Squire B takes control of the house hold. He begins to flatter Pamela but she resists all his attempts to seduce her. In letters to her parents Pamela reports her Master’s attempts and vows that she will suffer any injury or social penalty rather than sacrifice her chastity. Her parents encourage this devotion to her virtue and advise her to leave Mr. B. ’s employment and return to home and poverty if ever Mr. B. makes a physical attempt on her. In spite of Mr. B. ’s continued harassment, Pamela does not manage to make the departure that she so frequently threatens. Finally, she resolves to go and, having resisted a final effort of Mr. B. to tempt her with money for her parents and marriage to a clergyman, packs her bags to leave. Unfortunately her attempt to escape Mr. Bs harassments fails because she was kidnapped and taken to Lincolnshire estate. As soon as she reaches the estate she planes to escape. Even though Mr. Bs several attempts to rape Pamela of her virtue, she has never stopped fighting back. Pamela is willing to protect her virginity no matter what. Pamela continues writing letters while in captivity, but as she does not know when she will be able to send them, she dispenses with salutations and signatures, so that they run together into one continuous journal. Pamela finds help in the character of Mr. Williams. Mr. Williams fails to deliver Pamelas letters to her family. Mr. B realizes the true self of Pamela through her letters. He admires her character and virtue which eventually led to his proposal to Pamela. Pamelas virtue is finally rewarded through Mr. Bs honest proposal of marriage. Pamelas virtue affected the young Miss Goodwin who is Mr. Bs daughter from a previous affair. Pamela succeeds in establishing the moral character of Miss Goodwin, who does not repeat her mother’s mistakes. The virtue described in Pamela was of a much broader and more significant scope. Pamelas effort to co-ordinate her human drives and the moral code she had learned represented the real conflict in Pamela. To the extent that her behavior was morally acceptable, she was virtuous. Pamelas ability to do what was right in spite of her own desires was the virtue Richardson intended to reward.

Significance of The Newport Sex Scandal, 1919

Significance of The Newport Sex Scandal, 1919 â€Å"Homosexuality is incompatible with military service† reads the first sentence of the Department of Defence Directive (1332.14)[1]. Exploring this statement through events such as the Newport Sex Scandal of 1919, we can determine whether this idea was plausible or simply a stigmatised generalisation on sexuality. This scandal follows the specific persecution of homosexuals in the Navy, in particular focusing on the Newport naval base. Many found themselves caught up in the controversy, including none other than president-to-be Franklin Delano Roosevelt. What effects did this have on FDR’s future political career and his reputation as a whole? But also, how did the scandal help to concrete or redefine opinions on homosexuality and a homosexuals place in the navy? In 1919, at the naval base located at Newport, â€Å"a sailor with an ear for gossip and a hatred for homosexuals†[2] would spark a scandal surrounding the ill-moral persecution of ‘gays’. Under direct order – and arguably behaving in an agentic rather than autonomous state – naval soldiers would entrap local homosexuals, both within the neighbouring communities and the navy quarters itself. The aim was to engage in sexual gratification, namely by â€Å"accepting oral sex to completion†[3], in order to collect evidence against these men and provide a solid ground for the claim that homosexuality was spreading contagiously in Newport. After just three weeks of following out these orders â€Å"seventeen sailors were charged with sodomy and scandalous behaviour†[4]. However, the results of this ‘private’ and seemingly illegitimate investigation were not expected. Instead of shedding light on the supposed dangers homosexuality placed on the military and local community, the investigation found itself scandalised. The public alongside the media hit back at the investigation, claiming it was morally wrong to force naval soldiers to carry out such acts in this play of entrapment. Though, it seems that the penalties for this soured investigation were of no real weight with many of the players left to fade out of the scandal keeping their reputations intact. One of the main key players, Franklin Delano Roosevelt came under attack as a result of his involvement with the scandal, yet still he went on to become President of the United States. Just what role he played in the scandal is debated. As a result of â€Å"Navy Secretary Josephus Daniel’s absence†[5], Assistant Secretary of the Navy FDR was left to act in Daniel’s place. As a result many believe that it was with FDR’s backing and approval that the investigation made its way to the civilian population, at which point it moved from a â€Å"military matter to a public relations disaster†[6]. Seen as vital to the proceedings of the investigation FDR had â€Å"authorised an independent effort to expose and expel the homosexual†[7]. The word ‘expel’ highlighting that this was an attempt to rid the navy of a group of people seen by officials as alien and unsuited to the military forces. Additionally, it is claimed that FDR had agreed t hat the investigation needed to take place with the â€Å"aim of prosecuting those individuals responsible for the spread of degeneracy†[8]. Again, the word ‘degeneracy’ showing the threat homosexuals are perceived to hold in society, with degeneracy referring to the regression to a lower form of being. FDR continued to assert throughout the investigation that â€Å"he had not known of the tactics used in Newport†[9] claiming that the methods that were used in the investigation â€Å"were nothing he had time or inclination to oversee†[10]. However, despite FDR’s inclination to avoid involvement both the public and Congressional Investigation Committee failed to believe him. John Loughery claims that ‘few people believed [FDR] when the entrapment scandal broke’[11]. The report into the scandal claimed that FDR â€Å"must have realized that †¦ [navy] men had allowed lewd and immoral acts to be performed upon them†[12]. However, the scandal was not kept quiet by the Committee. Instead it had â€Å"blazed in headlines across America†[13] bringing FDR and other â€Å"prominent civilians, such as the Reverend Samuel Neal Kent†[14] to the public’s attention. Though the details of the scandal were often to crude and lurid to print – for example the New York Times stated â€Å"details unprintable†[15] regarding one case study – the media fire surrounding the scandal still blazed on a national scale. The Providence Journal was a prime text that helped to feed the fire with publisher John Rathom doing his best to â€Å"inflame public opinion†[16] in a paper that was already hugely â€Å"antagonistic to Secretary Daniels and the Wilson administration†.[17] Rathom would continue to attack FDR during his early political career. Yet, despite the width of coverage and the depth of criticism of the scandal and those involved, it seems that FDR got off with n othing more severe than a slap of the wrist. The Congressional Investigation Committee resulted in Daniels and FDR being rebuked, ‘sharply’ criticised for their behaviour. This was neither here nor there for FDR who had left his naval post in â€Å"July 1920 [†¦] accepting the Democratic Party’s nomination for vice-president†[18]. Despite FDR’s physical removal from the navy, the scandal was still criticised with the New York Times headline of July 1921 (a year after FDR left his post) reading ‘Charges of Immorally Employing Men’[19]. Note that the sympathy here is for the soldiers who had to suffer the ‘immoral acts’ as opposed to the treatment and entrapment of homosexuals. This lack of sympathy for the homosexual could be a result of many factors. At the time of the Newport sex scandal any physical relationship or act between men was considered a crime with the â€Å"perpetrators considered criminal perverts†[20]. Despite there not being any specific legislation or regulations in place at the time, this did not â€Å"prevent the U.S military from policing sexual conduct†[21]. In fact, perhaps the Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 holds significance due to it being one of the first â€Å"systematic attempts to purge†[22] homosexuals in the military. However, the term ‘homosexual’ was not in general use during this time, the term itself had only come into being in the late nineteenth century amongst the psychiatric profession. More colloquial terms were used away from the professionalism of the psychiatric institutions. Instead, during the scandal we see words like â€Å"cocksuckers and rectum receivers†[23] displaying both the lack of use of the term homosexual, and also the hatred felt for this group of people. The sense of hatred towards homosexuals can be seen in terms of everyday life and also in the wider context of the war. â€Å"Homosexuals had always served in the armed forces†[24] but the problem came when their sexuality was brought to light. Newport had a â€Å"notorious homosexual population†[25] in 1919, with these overtly flamboyant resident sailors calling themselves â€Å"the Ladies of Newport†[26]. Often wearing ladies clothing and calling themselves by women’s names, these men and their alter-ego’s seemed threatening with locals feeling â€Å"in danger of being morally corrupted†[27]. In a wider context, homosexuals seemed to pose a threat not just to locals but to the community at large. It seemed that a â€Å"non-procreative population was in the very process of appearing during the war: [as] homosexuals were entering the public discourse†[28]. Both locally and nationally homosexuality was become a symbol for degeneracy in several spheres. Homosexuality found itself to be central in a Venn diagram consisting of society, psychiatry, the military and even the law in terms of its relationship with degeneracy. Therefore due to their status homosexuals involved in the scandal suffered a much heavier fate then their entrappers. The majority of homosexuals that were caught as a result of the scandal were imprisoned, however it appears that all those entrapped were released and â€Å"allowed to resume their civilian lives†[29] by the 1920’s. Yet their punishment did not stop there, the entrapped found themselves casted out of their society and were left to find their way to a new life bound to the stigmatised label of ‘homosexual’. It is clear the â€Å"the source of outrage against the operation was that good sailors were being force to commit immoral acts [†¦] and were made ‘perverts by official order’†[30], the fate of the homosexual posed no real conce rn. The scandal poses a wider significance due its association with World War I, or as it was then known ‘The Great War’. It is almost inevitable to look at The Newport Sex Scandal in isolation while it sits so close to the end of the War, in fact it was only a few months after signing the armistice that FDR found himself in an embarrassing position over Newport. There seemed to be a â€Å"desire in the years immediately after World War I to excise from American society elements seen as unhealthy or impure†[31] such as the influence of homosexuals in both the navy and society. The Newport Sex Scandal reflects this desire in its illegitimate proceedings and moral negligence, this idea of ‘whatever it takes’. For many U.S citizens and exemplaries, World War I had â€Å"promised to do more [†¦] their hope was that national virility would be reaffirmed and domestic uncertainties put to rest†[32]. Yet, it seemed that the war didn’t offer the se condolences to the American nation. Instead it heightened the distinction between groups of society and pressed for harsher procedures and legislation against those that were deemed outsiders. Of course, this segregation and categorisation was emphasised further still by the growing influence of the psychiatric profession at the time which had seen itself move from the arts to the sciences at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, this act of persecution against specific groups in society was not native to Newport. The Newport Scandal was joined by an increase in other radical groups and ideas of the time. It appeared that the post-war era saw â€Å"heightened anti-Catholicism, the revitalization of the Ku Klux Klan, and, not coincidentally, increased lynching and demands to limit immigration†[33]. More specifically, an earlier scandal in 1912 at Portland had seen prominent citizens arrested due to involvement â€Å"in a sex ring at the local YMCA†[34]. The American nation was following ideas of natural selection and degeneracy into a world of stigmatisation, seclusion and discrimination. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 was just one small scale aspect of this new world, and the almost dismissal (with regards to lack of punishment) of the authorities involvement shows just how easy it was to get away with such persecutions. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 seemed to only hold short-term significance for FDR himself, with the report only being made public after the 1920 election in which he found himself elected vice-president. During this campaign Rathom (publisher of the Providence Journal) continued to â€Å"accuse Roosevelt of mishandling allegations of sex crimes in the navy†[35]. The scandal did not seem to damage FDR’s reputation extensively, though at the time he â€Å"came to be held responsible for the very thing he had sought to prevent: the homosexualisation of the U.S Navy†[36]. While the scandal continued to unfold during FDR’s early political career he won in the long run, capturing the Presidency thirteen years later in 1932. Throughout his time as President of the U.S he held â€Å"relatively stable approval ratings†[37] hovering around the 50-60% mark and winning four elections in succession for his party. He would find himself â€Å"remembered among t he most influential Americans†[38]. But, FDR’s success came partly as a result of the manipulation of the military system by which the officers were protected and their reputations kept in-tact. It can be argued that â€Å"never was adequate punishment meted out to those who perpetrated the campaign†[39] as all those who held authority in the scandal including FDR – had their involvement played down. Perhaps, then, the long-term significance of this scandal can be found in its place in the history of homosexuality. As a result of the reports surrounding the investigation into the Newport Sex Scandal, â€Å"many learned for the first time of a homosexual community in America†[40]. It seemed that the scandal was one of the first to unfold the real extent and reach of the homosexual community. It seemed that â€Å"almost nothing was known about gay life in America before Newport†[41]. At the beginning of the century it seemed that the assumptions made about gay life in America had been â€Å"governed by the concept of the ‘closet’ and related notions of invisibility†[42]. But how were these assumptions changed by the Newport Scandal? As a result of events such as The Newport Scandal in context with the War, homosexuality came to be seen as a â€Å"model for decitizenship†[43]. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 was – as Lawrence Murphy claims â€Å"the most extensive systematic persecution of gays in American History†[44]. However this persecution of gays had been occurring since the Revolutionary War with homosexuality being â€Å"grounds for exclusion and discharge from the U.S Military†[45] right up until the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ policies were introduced. But, what makes the Newport Scandal so important is the publicity it held on a national scale. The richness of the scandals documentation has also proven significant in the â€Å"understanding and development of sexual identity, the course of homophobia and the urgent mainstream wish to ignore gay presence in American society†[46]. The scandal also holds significance in its contribution to legisla tion surrounding the homosexual. While it wasn’t until World War II that specific legislation was introduced, after this we see the emergence of lesbian and gay movements in which â€Å"military policy became the subject of both protest and legal change†[47]. However, despite its contribution to the development of the homosexual â€Å"the Newport Scandal, [remains] largely forgotten†[48]. Minus the occasional play such as David Foleys 2012 production ‘A Hole in the Fence’[49], which is surprisingly a comedy based on the Newport Sex Scandal, it seemed that the media coverage and interest faded rather quickly. By the time FDR reached his presidency in 1932 it seemed that the â€Å"Newport men and their sexually active entrappers, including Roosevelt’s part in the affair were ancient history.†[50] FDR walked out of the scandal seemingly un-tarnished and would go on to become more popular than ever before in the public eye. Bibliography Primary Sources Gallup Poll, ‘Franklin D. Roosevelt Approval Ratings’, [accessed 7 December 2013] http://www.gallup.com/poll/8608/reflections-presidential-job-approval-reelection-odds.aspx David Foley Plays, ‘A Hole in the Fence, [accessed 10 December 2014 ] http://davidfoleyplays.com/fence Books John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport: Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, (Charleston: The History Press, 2007). Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals: Sex, Sleaze and Spin, (Britain: Pen Sword Books LTD, 2013). Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008). John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, (New York: Henry Holt and Company Inc., 1998). Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, (New York: Haworth Press, 1988). Articles Tarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, Melissa Wells-Pentry and Elizabeth Kier, ‘Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness’, International Security, Vol.24 (The MIT Press, 1999). Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, American Quarterly VOl.44, (U.S, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992). Lawrence R. Murphy, ‘Cleaning up Newport: The U.S Navy’s persecution of Homosexuals After World War I ‘, (Journal of American Culture, Vol.7, Issue 3, 1984). Websites Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’, January 2008, [accessed 7 December 2014]. http://web.archive.org/web/20080122100424/http://www.projo.com/news/content/gay_history_newport_sidebar_01-20-08_HH7RMQV_v42.1676c8f.html [1] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2008), p. 301. [2] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’, January 2008, [accessed 7 December 2014]. http://web.archive.org/web/20080122100424/http://www.projo.com/news/content/gay_history_newport_sidebar_01-20-08_HH7RMQV_v42.1676c8f.html [3] Ibid. [4] Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals: Sex, Sleaze and Spin, (Britain: Pen Sword Books LTD, 2013), p.71. [5] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, (New York: Henry Holt and Company Inc., 1998), p. 7. [6] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [7] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, American Quarterly VOl.44, (U.S, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 32. [8] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 7. [9] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [10] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 7. [11] Ibid, p. 7. [12] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, The Providence Journal , ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [13] Ibid. [14] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300. [15] John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport: Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, (Charleston: The History Press, 2007), p. 106. [16] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 11. [17] Ibid, p. 11. [18] Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals: Sex, Sleaze and Spin, p. 71. [19] Ibid, p. 71. [20] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [21] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300. [22] Ibid, p. 300. [23] Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, (New York: Haworth Press, 1988), p. 25. [24] Tarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, Melissa Wells-Pentry and Elizabeth Kier, ‘Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness’, International Security, Vol.24 (The MIT Press, 1999), p. 181. [25] John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport: Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, p. 106. [26] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 5. [27] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300. [28] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.31. [29] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 13. [30] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.32. [31] Lawrence R. Murphy, ‘Cleaning up Newport: The U.S Navy’s persecution of Homosexuals After World War I ‘, (Journal of American Culture, Vol.7, Issue 3, 1984) p.57. [32] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 4. [33] Lawrence R. Murphy, ‘Cleaning up Newport: The U.S Navy’s persecution of Homosexuals After World War I, p.57. [34] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 5. [35] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [36] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.33. [37] Gallup Poll, ‘Franklin D. Roosevelt Approval Ratings’, [accessed 7 December 2013] http://www.gallup.com/poll/8608/reflections-presidential-job-approval-reelection-odds.aspx [38] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [39] Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, p. 2. [40] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.33. [41] Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order: The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, p. 284. [42] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p.14. [43] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p. 32. [44] Jane Gardner, â€Å"Our Native Clay†: Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p. 32. [45] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p.299. [46] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p.3. [47] Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround: Women, Gender and Sexuality, p.299. [48] Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, ‘1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal’. [49] David Foley Plays, ‘A Hole in the Fence, [accessed 10 December 2014 ] http://davidfoleyplays.com/fence [50] John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 12.